提高动物学实验教学效果的探索

动物学实验是动物学教学的重要环节,与教学效果密切相关。本文从准备动物实验材料、提高学生的主观能动性、注重应用现代教学手段及室内外学习相结合等方面阐述了如何提高动物学实验教学效果。     

当前远程实验教学的现状及对策

远程实验教学在远程教育中起着重要作用,是远程教育深入发展和构建学习型社会的需要,是实施素质教育、培养创新意识和实践能力的重要环节。但由于多种原因,远程实验教学在远程教育中还是一个薄弱环节,存在许多问题。要想促进远程教育的深入发展,提高远程实验教学的质量,就必需解决远程实验教学现状。     

硒肥与钝化材料组配对土壤Cd钝化及稻米Cd消减效果

为了探讨不同硒肥施用方式联合钝化材料对土壤镉钝化和稻米镉消减的效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,选用亚硒酸钠作为硒肥,钙镁磷肥和硅藻土作为钝化材料,设置基施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土和叶面喷施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土2种方式,研究其不同用量对镉污染酸性稻田土壤修复与安全利用的影响。结果表明：随着施用量的增加,稻米产量增加,基施硒肥产量略高于叶面喷施硒肥,产量差为 2.115 g/pot,与对照(CK)相比,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒(T3)能够提高1.68倍的稻米产量;随着施用量的增加,pH升高,有效Cd降低,有机质与CEC变化不大;基施硒肥与叶面喷施硒肥处理对土壤pH、有机质与CEC差异不显著,但基施硒肥处理有效Cd含量略低于叶面喷施硒肥处理,T3对土壤Cd的钝化效果最佳;随着基施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量降低,随着叶面喷施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量先降低后升高,基施硒肥处理对稻米Cd的消减程度强于叶面喷施硒肥处理,相差 0.021 mg/kg,与对照(CK)相比,T3处理稻米Cd降低0.063 mg/kg。可见,硒对调控稻米镉累积具有重要作用,且基施硒肥强于叶面喷施。综上所述,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒对土壤Cd钝化与稻米Cd消减的效果最佳,值得在镉污染稻田推广应用。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇交联微球制备参数优化研究

采用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为包埋剂，选取交联时间、海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇用量比（SA ∶ PVA）以及海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇的总浓度为影响因素设计L49（52×7）正交实验，探讨包埋的最佳理化条件。以包埋材料的成球效果，包埋小球的硬度、弹性及微观结构为考察指标，比较包埋小球性能，探讨包埋条件。结果发现当SA ∶ PVA为7 ∶ 3，总浓度为4％，交联时间为24 h时包埋效果最佳。     

蜜梨NFC果汁清咽功能评价的动物试验研究

为了评价蜜梨NFC果汁的清咽功能,通过大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀、小鼠耳廓肿胀3种动物模型试验,研究不同剂量的蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠肉芽肿重、大鼠足趾肿胀率、小鼠耳廓肿胀率和动物体重增长的影响。结果表明,与阴性对照组(CK)相比,高剂量组(T3)大鼠肉芽肿净量减少23.47%,差异极显著;T3致炎后2、4 h和中剂量组(T2)致炎后4 h的大鼠足趾肿胀率分别减少14.5%、20.4%和16.5%,且差异显著;T2、T3小鼠耳廓肿胀率分别减少24.1%和27.8%,差异显著;而高、中、低3个剂量组的大鼠或小鼠体重增长量在试验期间均无显著差异。因此,大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀和小鼠耳廓肿胀试验结果均为阳性,且蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠或小鼠的正常生长无影响,表明蜜梨NFC果汁动物试验结果为阳性,具有清咽功能。研究结果可为蜜梨清咽功能的开发利用提供参考依据。     

Sugar beet rotation effects on soil organic matter and calculated humus balance in Central Germany

In order to quantify the influence of land use systems on the level of soil organic matter (SOM) to develop recommendations, long-term field studies are essential. Based on a crop rotation experiment which commenced in 1970, this paper investigated the impact of crop rotations involving increased proportions of sugar beet on SOM content. To this end, soil samples were taken in 2010 and 2012 from the following crop rotation sequences: sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat–winter wheat (SB–SB–WW–WW = 50%), sugar beet–sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat (SB–SB–SB–WW = 75%), sugar beet–grain maize (SB–GM = 50%) and sugar beet-monoculture (SB = 100%); these were analysed in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stocks per hectare. In addition, humus balances were created (using the software REPRO, reference period 12 years) in order to calculate how well the soil was supplied with organic matter. In the field experiment, harvest by-products (WW and GM straw as well as SB leaves) were removed. After 41 years, no statistically significant differences were measured between the crop rotations for the parameters TOC, MBC, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stock per hectare. However, the calculated humus balance was significantly affected by the crop rotation. The calculated humus balance became increasingly negative in the order SB–SB–WW–WW, SB–SB–SB–WW, SB monoculture and SB–GM, and correlated with the soil parameters. The calculated humus balances for the reference period did not reflect the actual demand for organic matter by the crop rotations, but instead overestimated it.     

不同载荷对土壤压实的试验研究

在沙壤土上对常用的3种载荷进行了压实试验,测出了土壤压实前后的参数.结果表明:在0～100mm土壤深度处,载荷大于3000kg时,使容重增大较剧烈;载荷大于2000kg时,使湿度损失较严重,4400kg时损失了20%,使坚实度的增量增加剧烈,4400kg时增加了59%,而使最大坚实度增加了114%,并且大载荷对深层(大...     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

60%吡福甲大豆超微粉体种衣剂的应用效果研究

通过对60%吡福甲大豆超微粉体种衣剂的试验,进一步验证了该种衣剂的防治效果。其对根腐病防效达74%,对孢囊线虫的防效达70%。与胶体种衣剂相比,减少农药使用量达53.4%,节约农药成本47%;与粉体种衣剂相比,减少农药使用量达37%,节约农药成本达49%。